2 МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ «ХАРКІВСЬКИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ ІНСТИТУТ» Інститут (факультет) Навчально-науковий інститут механічної інженерії і транспорту Кафедра Хімічна техніка та промислова екологія Освітня програма Інженерна екологія Спеціальність 101 Екологія Спеціалізація 101.02 Інженерна екологія До захисту допускаю Завідувач кафедри О .В. Шестопалов (ініціали та прізвище) (підпис, дата) ДИПЛОМНИЙ ПРОЕКТ другого (магістерського) рівня вищої освіти Тема проекту “ Вплив кондиціонування повітря на довкілля ” Шифр проекту М123di.e .02 (група, номер теми за наказом) Виконавець Сунь Чжунго (прізвище, ім’я, по-батькові) Керівник доц. Філенко Олеся Миколаївна (посада, прізвище, ім’я, по-батькові) Харків 20 2 4 3 МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ «ХАРКІВСЬКИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ ІНСТИТУТ» Інститут (факультет) Навчально-науковий інститут механічної інженерії і транспорту Кафедра Хімічна техніка та промислова екологія Спеціальність 101 Екологія Освітня програма Інженерна екологія Спеціалізація 101.02 Інженерна екологія (шифр і назва) ЗАТВЕРДЖУЮ Завідувач кафедри доц. Шестопалов О.В. «____» ____________ 20__ року З А В Д А Н Н Я НА ДИПЛОМНИЙ ПРОЕКТ СТУДЕНТУ Сунь Чжунго (прізвище, ім’я, по батькові) 1 Тема проекту “ Вплив кондиціонування повітря на довкілля ” керівник проекту Філенко Олеся Миколаївна , к.т.н., доц . (прізвище, ім’я, по батькові, науковий ступінь, вчене звання) затверджені наказом вищого навчального закладу від «25» вересня 2024 року N1893 СТ 2 Строк подання студентом проекту 1 грудня 2024 . 3 Вихідні дані до проект Л ітературні джерела щодо кондиціонування повітря та його вплив на довкілля . 4 4 Перелік питань, які потрібно розробити у пояснювальній записці Огляд літератури. Можливості нових технологій. Е кономічна частина . 5 Перелік графічного матеріалу (з точним зазначенням обов’язкових креслень) Презентація на тему: “Вплив кондиціонування повітря на довкілля” 6 Консультанти розділів проекту Підпис, дата Розділ Прізвище, ініціали та посадаконсультанта завдання завданнявидав прийняв Економічна частина Старш. викл. Верютіна В.Ю. 7 Дата видачі завдання 6 вересня 2024 КАЛЕНДАРНИЙ ПЛАН Номе Строк р Назва етапів дипломного проекту виконання Примітка етапу етапів проекту 1 Літературний огляд 06.09-15.10.2024 2 Характеристика можливостей нових технологій 16.10-05.11.2024 3 Виконання презентації 14.11-24.11.2024 4 Виконання економічної частини 16.11-27.11.2024 5 Направлення пояснювальної записки до репозитарію 01.12-04.12.2024 6 Захист роботи 20.12.2024 Студент Сунь Чжунго (підпис) (прізвище та ініціали) Керівник проекту Філенко О.М. (підпис) (прізвище та ініціали) 5 Назва виробу, Назва Фор- Кільк. При- об'єкта або теми документа мат арк. мітка Документи загальні Завдання на ДП А4 1 Пояснювальна записка до ДП А4 80 Ілюстративні матеріали Вплив кондиціонування повітря Презентація А4 24 на довкілля МІТ-М123di.e.02.ВД Прізвище Підп. Дата Розроб. Сунь Чжунго “Вплив кондиціонування Літ. Аркуш Аркушів Перев. Філенко О.М. повітря на довкілля” Д ПМ 1 Відомість документів Н.конт. Філенко О.М. НТУ «ХПІ»Кафедра ХТПЕ Затв. Шестопалов О.В. 6 МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ «ХАРКІВСЬКИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ ІНСТИТУТ» Інститут Навчально-науковий інститут механічної інженерії і транспорту Кафедра Хімічна техніка та промислова екологія Спеціальність 101 Екологія Освітня програма Інженерна екологія ПОЯСНЮВАЛЬНА ЗАПИСКА до дипломного проєкту другого (магістерського) рівня вищої освіти на тему “ Вплив кондиціонування повітря на довкілля ” Виконав студент 6 курсу, групи _МІТ-М123di.e. Сунь Чжунго (підпис, прізвище та ініціали) Керівник Філенко О.М . (підпис, прізвище та ініціали) Рецензент Красніков І.Л . (підпис, прізвище та ініціали) Нормоконтроль Філенко О.М . (підпис, прізвище та ініціали) Харків 2024 7 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY "KHARKIV POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE" Institute Educational and Scientific Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Department "Chemical engineering and Environmental Protection " Specialty 101 Ecology Educational program Engineering ecology Allowed for defense Head of the department Oleksii SHESTOPALOV (name and surname) (sign, data) DIPLOMA PAPER second (master's) level of higher education Diploma topic “ Environmental impact of air conditioning ” Diploma code МІТ- М122di.e.02 (group, topic’s number according to the order) Student Sun Zhongguo (name, surname) Diploma consultant docent Filenko Olesia My kolai vna (position, name, surname) Kharkiv, 2024 8 ABSTRACT Explanatory note to the DP: _80 pages 0 figures, 4 tables, 11 literary sources. Key words: AIR CONDITIONING; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS With the acceleration of global climate change and urbanization, the use of air conditioning is becoming increasingly popular in China. This paper aims to explore the multi-faceted impacts of air conditioning on China's environment, including energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, air quality and water resources utilization. Through a review of existing literature and data analysis, this paper reveals the complex relationship between air conditioning and environmental protection, and puts forward corresponding policy recommendations. 9 CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Research background 5 1.2 Research purpose 8 2 The effect of air conditioning on energy consumption 9 2.1 Current Energy consumption of Air conditioning 9 2.2 Influencing factors of air conditioning energy consumption 10 2.3 Environmental impact of air conditioning energy consumption 11 3 The impact of air conditioning on greenhouse gas emissions 13 3.1 Status of greenhouse emissions of air conditioning 13 3.2 Influencing factors of greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning 14 3.3 Environmental impacts of greenhouse gas emissions from air 14 conditioning 4 The effect of air conditioning on air quality 17 5 The impact of air conditioning use on water resource utilization 20 5.1 The effect of air conditioning on water consumption 20 5.2 Influencing factors of air conditioning on water resources 24 5.3 The environmental impact of air conditioning water resources 26 utilization 6 Policy recommendations on Environmental impacts of air conditioning use 31 6.1 Improving energy efficiency standards for air conditioners 31 6.2 We will promote energy-efficient air conditioning technologies 34 6.3 We will strengthen management of air conditioners 36 7 Research methods and data sources 40 10 7.1 Research Methods 40 7.2 Data sources 42 8 Analysis of the impact of air conditioning use on energy consumption 43 8.1 Current Situation of Energy Consumption of Air conditioning 43 8.2 Influencing factors of air conditioning energy consumption 44 8.3 Environmental impact of air conditioning energy consumption 46 9 Analysis of the influence of air conditioning on greenhouse gas emissions 9.1 Status of greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning 48 9.2 Influencing factors of greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning 50 9.3 Environmental impacts of greenhouse gas emissions from air 53 conditioning 10 Conclusion and Prospect 55 1 Conclusion 55 0.1 1 OUTLOOK 55 0.2 11 Policy and technological innovation recommendations 56 1 Policy Advice 56 1.1 1 Suggestions for technological innovation 56 1.2 12 Future development trend of air conditioning industry under the 57 background of environmental protection 13 Economic calculation 58 14 Conclusion 66 11 References 67 Appendices Agae 69 12 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Background. On July 17, 1902, Willis Havilland Carrier, a young man just a year out of Cornell University, invented the air conditioner while working at Buffalo Forge Co. But the original purpose of the invention of the air conditioner was not to bring people a comfortable living environment. One of Buffalo's customers at the time, the Schachter William Printing Company in New York City, had presses that expanded and contracted because of changes in air temperature and humidity, and inks that were mismatched and could not produce clear color prints. The Buffalo company was asked for help. Khalil thought that if he could use air to keep warm through a coil filled with steam, why not use air to cool down through a coil filled with cold water? The water in the air would condense on the coils, and the air in the factory would be both cool and dry. On July 17, 1902, the era of air conditioning began with the first use of an air conditioner in this printing house. Soon, other industries such as textile industry, chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, food industry and even arms industry also greatly improved the quality of products due to the introduction of air conditioning. In 1906, Caryl applied for a patent for air conditioning. The first air conditioner to be exported was sold to a Japanese silk factory in 1907. In 1915, Willis Haviland Carrier founded a company that is still one of the largest air-conditioning companies in the world. But for 20 years after the invention of air conditioning, it was machines, not people, who enjoyed it. Until 1924, a shopping mall in Detroit, often because of the hot weather and many people fainted, and the first installed three central air conditioners, the great success of the move, the cool environment makes people's desire to consume greatly, since then, air conditioning has become a powerful tool for businesses to attract customers, air conditioning for people's service era officially came. But when it comes to the popularity of air conditioning, it is mainly accomplished through the movie theater. Most Americans were first exposed to air conditioning at movie theaters. Using air conditioning technology that promised 13 to provide audiences with cool air, movie theaters in the 1920s made air conditioning as appealing as the movies themselves, and summer replaced winter as the peak movie-going season. Thanks to the advent of air conditioning, a large number of year- round indoor businesses, such as shopping malls and indoor sports arenas, followed. The entry of air conditioning into human life has greatly improved the production efficiency and product quality of the society, and brought revolutionary changes to human life. The invention of air conditioning has been listed as one of the top ten inventions in the world in the 20th century. Before 1949, only a few individual high-end hotel buildings in China imported some air-conditioning equipment from abroad, and the air-conditioning industry was almost zero. After 1949, China began to gradually develop its own refrigeration and air conditioning industry, began to manufacture piston type, centrifugal type and screw type refrigeration compressors, absorption chillers and complete sets of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment to meet the domestic demand at that time but also cultivate a lot of scientific and technological strength. Since China's reform and opening up, especially in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the world's famous refrigeration and air conditioning manufacturers have entered China, bringing the world's advanced technology for China's refrigeration and air conditioning industry, which has greatly improved the production level of China's refrigeration and air conditioning industry. China is a large country with a large population, but also a huge market for refrigeration and air conditioning industry, which promotes the rapid development of China's refrigeration and air conditioning industry output value and has become the world's largest production base of refrigeration and air conditioning industry. At present, there are more than 1,000 manufacturing enterprises above designated size in China's refrigeration and air conditioning industry, and more than one million related employees. The upstream and downstream industrial chain is complete and perfect. The industry's independent research and development and innovation capabilities and product quality have basically kept pace with the world. 14 With the rapid development of China's economy and the improvement of people's living standards, air conditioners have become a necessary facility in many families and public places. China will produce 222,473,400 air conditioners in 2022 and 244.87 million air conditioners in 2023. By the end of 2023, the average number of air conditioners per 100 households has reached 145.9. However, the widespread use of air conditioners has also led to a series of environmental problems. The impact of air conditioning use on energy consumption. The energy consumption of air conditioners is an important factor in the growth of China's energy demand. With the spread of air conditioning, electricity demand increases, especially during peak summer hours, which can lead to more fossil fuels being burned, thus increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Rising greenhouse gas emissions are one of the main causes of global warming, and the impact of China's air conditioning use on global climate change, as one of the world's largest greenhouse gas emitters, cannot be ignored. The impact of air conditioning use on local climate change. The spread and use of air conditioning has led to an intensification of the urban heat island effect, where buildings, roads and other man-made structures absorb and store heat in urban areas, making them warmer than surrounding rural areas. The use of air conditioning further intensifies this effect by increasing heat emissions from within cities. In summer, the widespread use of air conditioning leads to higher night temperatures in cities as well, reducing the temperature difference between the city and the countryside and affecting the diurnal temperature difference in local climates. The effect of air conditioning use on air quality. The operation of air conditioning systems can release particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are significant components of air pollution and negatively affect human health and atmospheric quality. The consumption of water resources by air conditioning use. Air conditioning uses a lot of water in the cooling process, especially in water-stressed areas. This can 15 lead to increased water scarcity problems, affecting agriculture, ecosystems and human life. [1] 1.2 Research purpose The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively analyze the impact of air conditioning on China's environment, help and improve people's awareness of environmental protection, provide practical suggestions and solutions for the government and enterprises to formulate relevant policies, further reduce the negative impact of air conditioning on the environment, protect the natural environment on which human survival depends, and ensure that our earth can continue to support human survival and development. 16 2. THE IMPACT OF AIR CONDITIONING ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2.1 Current energy consumption of air conditioning. Air conditioning is a kind of energy-consuming product. According to relevant data, the average annual electricity consumption of air conditioning in China is about 2,501,000 degrees. The reason why this range is so wide is that the use of different regions and different families varies greatly. For example, in the hot areas of south China, the use of air conditioners for a long time, the electricity consumption may be high; While in northern regions, due to the availability of heating in winter, air conditioning is used for a relatively short time, and electricity consumption may be lower. The overall electricity consumption is affected by many factors, such as the use environment, power, energy efficiency rating and usage habits, so it is impossible to give an exact figure of the total electricity consumption in the country. However, according to the relevant data, the total electricity consumption of air conditioners in China is very large. China is the world's largest producer, consumer and exporter of air conditioners. China's air conditioning output accounts for more than 70 percent of global output. With the process of urbanization in China and the improvement of people's economic level, the number of air conditioners held by Chinese residents is also growing. Bloomberg New Energy (BNEF) research shows that in 2018, the global residential and commercial air-conditioning power consumption reached 1,932 terawatt hours, of which China's air-conditioning power consumption accounted for 34%, has surpassed the United States ranked first in the world, in 2023, the average number of air-conditioning units per 100 households in China by the end of the year has reached 145.9. At present, the number of air conditioners in China is high. As the climate warms and people's economic level improves, the number of air conditioners in China is expected to continue to rise, and the corresponding pressure on energy consumption will also rise. Without improvements in air-conditioning efficiency, China's air-conditioning energy consumption is expected to more than double to 17 960TWh by 2050 (second only to India) based on current air-conditioning energy consumption. As a high energy consumption appliance, the energy consumption of air conditioners has become an important part of China's energy consumption. [2] 2.2 Influencing factors of air conditioning energy consumption. Usually due to different air conditioners, different energy consumption, different electricity, the size of indoor space, indoor insulation capacity, indoor temperature control and the starting temperature set by air conditioners, the energy consumption of air conditioners is also different. The factors that affect the power consumption of air conditioning are common in the following aspects. The power consumption of air conditioners is related to the energy efficiency value. The air conditioning energy efficiency value also reflects the actual power consumption of an air conditioner, the higher the energy efficiency value, the more energy saving, such as a level of energy efficiency hanging air conditioning energy efficiency value greater than 5.27 is a very energy saving model, if it is a cabinet air conditioning energy efficiency value of 4.42 is also a very good energy saving level. At present, some three-level energy efficiency, or five-level energy efficiency air conditioning power consumption is very serious. The power consumption of air conditioners depends on the brand. At present, each brand has its own exclusive energy saving technology, such as the United States one night power technology, is currently upgraded to the third generation, with cool power saving mode, and Haier one-key pmv mode, according to the ambient temperature automatically adjust the temperature, to avoid no need for performance waste, is also very energy saving, and tcl air conditioning ai energy-saving algorithm and so on. Generally speaking, the energy-saving algorithm of famous brand air conditioning is more mature, if it is some niche brand air conditioning, even if the energy efficiency value is very high, because the technology is immature, many are sacrificing performance to achieve high energy efficiency value. 18 The power consumption of air conditioners is related to the number of units. The influence of air conditioning power consumption and the number of units is also very large, if you choose the inappropriate number of units, then not only can not meet the requirements of cooling and heating, but also the power consumption is very strong, than more than 20 square master bedroom, choose a large hanging machine air conditioning, then cooling and heating can not meet the demand, it will run all the time power, power consumption is naturally very strong. If you choose the right number of units, after reaching the right temperature will choose low frequency operation, natural energy saving, if it is a hot environment, then choose a larger air conditioning is also very necessary, the larger the number of units must be the better, the room priority recommended 1.5 units of the new level of energy efficiency hanging machine, the living room priority recommended 3 units of the new level of energy efficiency cabinet air conditioning. The power consumption of air conditioning is related to temperature regulation. Air conditioning power consumption is actually very related to temperature regulation, such as indoor temperature regulation is 26 degrees, but the outdoor temperature is about 28 degrees, the temperature difference is not large, the power consumption is naturally not bad, if the outside environment is very hot, reaching 31 degrees high temperature, indoor temperature regulation is relatively low, the power consumption is naturally more severe. The power consumption of air conditioning is related to the running time. The power consumption of an air conditioner is proportional to its operating time, because the air conditioner needs to be continuously operated to meet the needs of the indoor temperature, and the longer the air conditioner is operated, the higher the total power consumption. The power consumption of an air conditioner can be calculated using the following formula. [\text{Power consumption (KWH)} = \text{air conditioner power (kW)} \times \text{time of use (hours)}], for example, an air conditioner with a power of 1.5 kW running for 2 hours will have a power consumption of 3 KWH. [3] 19 2.3 Impact of air conditioning energy consumption on environment. The development and utilization of energy has promoted the development of human civilization. Modern industry, agriculture and service industry all need huge energy to support. At the beginning of the 21st century, fossil energy, mainly coal, oil and natural gas, has become the main body of the world's energy supply, accounting for about 80% of the global total energy consumption. China is relatively rich in total energy resources, but its per capita consumption and high-quality resources are less than those of other countries. With the rapid development of China's economy, the energy industry has developed rapidly, and energy consumption has increased on a large scale. At present, China's primary energy consumption structure is unitary, and coal is the main fossil energy source. However, air conditioning consumes a large amount of electricity energy, and energy consumption mainly relies on fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas. The combustion process of these energy sources releases large amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse-like effect that causes the average temperature of the Earth to rise, known as global warming. [4] Global warming has a wide range of effects on the Earth's ecosystem. It melts glaciers, raises sea levels, and destroys the Earth's Marine systems and biodiversity. At the same time, climate change has also led to frequent disasters, such as an increase in extreme weather events (heavy rains, droughts, hurricanes), which have brought serious economic and social problems to human society. There is a vicious circle between energy consumption and global warming. As global warming intensifies, climate change will lead to more extreme weather events, further increasing the need for energy consumption. The huge increase in the use of air conditioning has increased the demand for electricity, which has indirectly led to more energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, with widespread impacts on the Earth's ecosystems. 20 3. THE IMPACT OF AIR CONDITIONING ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 3.1 Status quo of greenhouse emissions of air conditioning. Air conditioners may emit some greenhouse gases during operation, mainly including the following. 1. Freon (CFCs). This is one of the earliest refrigerants used for air conditioning, including R22, R134a, etc. Freon has a serious damage to the ozone layer and is one of the main causes of ozone hole. 2. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). As an alternative to freon, HFCs are not harmful to the ozone layer, but they are potent greenhouse gases that have a significant impact on global climate change. 3 Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). These are another refrigerant that replaces CFCS and, while less damaging to the ozone layer, are still greenhouse gases. 4 Hydrogen fluoride (HF). At high temperatures, certain refrigerants may break down to produce hydrogen fluoride, which is a highly toxic substance that can be seriously harmful to human health. 5 Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). This is a gas used in high voltage switchgear for insulation and arc extinguishing. SF6 has a much higher greenhouse potential than carbon dioxide and is a very potent greenhouse gas. 6 Nitrogen oxides (NOx). Nitrogen oxides may be produced during the operation of air conditioning systems, especially under high temperature and pressure conditions. These gases are not only harmful to the environment, but may also participate in the formation of photochemical smog, which can have an impact on human health. 7. Carbon dioxide, the most concentrated component of air conditioning exhaust, is a gas produced during breathing. In a confined space, the concentration of carbon dioxide will gradually increase, if a long time in a high concentration of carbon 21 dioxide environment, there will be headaches, dizziness, lethargy and other symptoms, serious will lead to coma. These greenhouse gas emissions not only cause damage to the environment, but also pose a threat to human health. 3.2 Influencing factors of greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning. The causes of greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning mainly include the following aspects. 1.Refrigerant leaks. Air conditioning refrigerants can leak during operation due to aging systems, wear and tear of components, improper installation, or poor maintenance. Some conventional refrigerants such as freon (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are damaging to the ozone layer, and they are also potent greenhouse gases. 2 Break down refrigerants. Under high temperature or pressure conditions, refrigerants may break down to produce toxic gases, such as hydrogen fluoride (HF). The decomposition products of refrigerants can be hazardous to human health and the environment. 3.Improper installation and design. Air conditioning systems that are not properly installed or designed can lead to refrigerant leaks or inefficient circulation, which can produce harmful gases. Using improperly fitted refrigerants or accessories can also cause problems. 3.3 Environmental impact of greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning. The environmental damage caused by air conditioning emissions is mainly reflected in the following aspects. Ozone layer destruction. Refrigerants used in conventional air conditioners, such as freon (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), are seriously damaging to the ozone layer. When these gases break down in the atmosphere, they release chlorine or 22 fluorine atoms, which can catalyze the breakdown of ozone molecules, leading to the thinning of the ozone layer. Thinning of the ozone layer can weaken UV blocking and increase surface UV radiation, negatively affecting human health, ecosystems and agriculture. Greenhouse effect. Both refrigerants and the heat generated during the operation of air conditioners contribute to the greenhouse effect. In particular, refrigerants with a high global warming potential (GWP), such as HFCs, have a far greater greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide. The greenhouse effect causes global temperatures to rise, triggering extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, floods and hurricanes, causing damage to natural ecosystems and human societies. Climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions are one of the direct causes of climate change. The widespread use of air conditioning systems, especially the use of large quantities of high GWP refrigerants, has exacerbated the trend of global climate change. Climate change can lead to rising sea levels, melting glaciers, altered ecosystems, and changes in the distribution and abundance of species. Biodiversity impacts. The gases emitted by air conditioning, especially those with a greenhouse effect, not only affect the climate, but can also have a negative impact on biodiversity. Climate change can lead to changes in species distribution, habitat loss, and degradation of ecosystem functions. Ocean acidification. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is partially dissolved in the oceans, causing ocean acidification. This acidification process can disrupt the calcareous shells of coral reefs, shellfish and other Marine life, affecting the balance of Marine ecosystems. Atmospheric pollution. During operation, especially when the air conditioner is turned off, it may inhale pollutants from the outside, such as PM2.5, nitrogen oxides, etc., and then release them indoors. Global warming. Greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning are one of the main causes of global warming. A series of chain reactions caused by global 23 warming, such as melting glaciers, rising sea levels and increasing extreme weather events, pose a threat to the global environment and human society. Endemic climate change. The increased use of air conditioning, especially in urban areas, can lead to what is known as the "heat island effect," a phenomenon in which urban areas are warmer than surrounding rural areas. This can exacerbate climate change in local areas, affecting residents' quality of life and health. Agricultural impacts. Climate change and extreme weather events, caused in part by greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning, may affect agricultural productivity. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can adversely affect crop growth, pest and disease occurrence and water resource management. Ecosystem services. Air conditioning emissions may affect ecosystem services such as carbon storage, water purification, and biodiversity maintenance. For example, ecosystems such as forests and wetlands are crucial for climate change mitigation and the provision of ecological services. [5] 24 4. THE EFFECT OF AIR CONDITIONING ON AIR QUALITY In busy city life, because of automobile or industrial reasons, the air pollution for a long time more and more days. During these particularly foul times, people are generally advised to avoid spending time outdoors. But have you ever thought that indoor air pollution also needs our attention? Especially now in the summer, indoor air conditioning is always open, which has become one of the main causes of indoor air pollution! Make the indoor air not convective. The air conditioning time will close all the indoor doors and Windows, resulting in poor indoor ventilation, indoor air and outdoor air convection is reduced, and pollutants can not effectively spread, such as dust mites, pet hair, dander and mold. Or volatile organic matter, cigarette smoke, and particles carrying bacteria or viruses. The inside of air conditioning is not clean. The air conditioner is mainly used to adjust the temperature and humidity of the indoor air, which must have the moisture in the air to play a role, so that the environment inside the air conditioner becomes dark and humid, which is suitable for mites, mold and viruses to grow and multiply in the air conditioner. They are hidden in the air conditioner, constantly through the circulation of air into the indoor air, dispersed in every corner of the room, can make people prone to influenza, tonsillitis, pneumonia and so on. The "2018 Indoor air Health White Paper" issued by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention pointed out that air conditioning accounted for 42% of the top indoor air pollution sources, household air conditioning pollution rate reached 88%, such a high pollution index, visible pollution can not be ignored! What is the effect of indoor pollution caused by air conditioning on the human body? The effect of indoor pollution caused by air conditioning on the human body Affects the respiratory system. Open the air conditioning closed doors and Windows for a long time, so that indoor and outdoor air does not circulate, all kinds of pollutants are easy to accumulate, and the respiratory system is the most easy place 25 for pollutants to attack, but also can increase the risk of children's lung function abnormalities by 30%─70%. Cause irritating allergic reactions. Dirty dust screens and chutes in air conditioning or ventilation systems can increase the growth rate of mold and dust mites, which can easily cause irritating allergic reactions in the human body, including sneezing, watery eyes, coughing, shortness of breath, sensitive skin, and so on. Affect cognitive function. When indoor and outdoor circulation is not, organic compounds and other pollutants are difficult to volatilize and disperse. Some foreign scholars have conducted experiments, and the results show that in the environment of low concentration of VOCs, the scores of participants in activity concentration, crisis response, information seeking, information use, and strategy are significantly better than those in the situation of high concentration. There are many reasons for the poor air quality in air-conditioned rooms, which can be mainly attributed to the following aspects. First of all, air conditioning in the cooling process will continue to remove moisture from the air, causing the air to become dry. The most comfortable humidity range of the human body is 50% ~ 60%, when the indoor humidity is too low, the human body water evaporation too fast, may cause skin tightness, sore throat, thirst and other water shortage phenomenon. At the same time, a dry environment may also lead to an increase in dust, bacteria and other particles in the air, further affecting air quality. Secondly, in a closed air-conditioned room for a long time, fresh air can not be effectively supplemented, the indoor oxygen content will gradually decline, and the concentration of carbon dioxide produced by human respiration will rise. Too high a concentration of carbon dioxide may make people feel tired, dizzy, headache, etc. In addition, if the air conditioning inside is not clean for a long time, it is easy to breed bacteria and viruses. These microorganisms enter the room with the air supply of the air conditioner, pollute the air, and may pose a threat to human health. For 26 example, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus and other germs may breed inside the air conditioner. In addition to these reasons, problems in the design and installation of air conditioning systems can also lead to poor indoor air quality. For example, the ventilation system load design parameters are too conservative, the equipment capacity selection is not appropriate, can not ensure the necessary fresh air volume; Improper purification of fresh air and return air can not effectively remove harmful gases and odors; Improper feeding of fresh air may lead to secondary indoor air pollution; Condensate discharge is not smooth, providing conditions for bacterial breeding; Improper management of operation and maintenance, such as not cleaning and replacing filters regularly, can also lead to indoor air pollution. It is obvious that the main cause of indoor pollution caused by air conditioning is the accumulation of pollutants. If you want to turn on air conditioning and improve indoor air quality, you need safe and effective air purification products to help! [6] 5. THE IMPACT OF AIR CONDITIONING ON WATER RESOURCE UTILIZATION 27 5.1 Impact of air conditioning on water resources consumption. Cheap price and low power consumption, in the hot summer, these two advantages are enough to become the reason for "water air conditioning" instead of separate air conditioning. A "water air conditioner" is a type of air conditioner that uses underground water to lower the indoor temperature. Its principle is very simple, is to use a small pump to draw out the relatively low temperature of shallow groundwater, and then through the "water air conditioning" fan will draw out the cool groundwater to the room, so as to replace the air conditioning compressor cooling, tail water will be directly discharged into the sewer. The price of "water air conditioning" is only about one third of that of ordinary air conditioning, and it saves electricity than ordinary air conditioning. At the same time, this kind of water air conditioner uses underground water to cool, and residents can drill a well to use underground water for free, so "water air conditioning" is very popular. On the surface, it seems that this is a very environmentally friendly and energy-saving new idea to reduce the summer heat. However, behind this beautiful water air conditioner, there is a crisis of groundwater waste, which may even cause urban ground subsidence. With a "water air conditioner" consuming 1 ton of water per hour as the standard, if it is opened for 10 hours a day, it will use 300 tons of water a month. This figure is the average household's living water consumption of three to five years. If it is only pumped without recharge, it will have a great impact on groundwater resources. When you pump water back into the ground, if you don't control it well, it can create a kind of hole in the ground and cause a local collapse. In other areas, the cost of irrigation may be too high, because you have to use electricity to push it down, so the cost is too high, in order to save electricity, the water is discharged into the natural environment, or after the pumped water, knowing that the groundwater may contain various minerals that need to be further 28 processed, In the process of removing the minerals may also cause pollution to some extent. If a large area of "water air conditioning" is used, the direct impact is that the water table will drop, and over time the formation of underground holes, ground cracks, and even cause the ground to collapse. Cooling tower as an important part of the air conditioning system, its main function is to reduce the temperature of water through the heat exchange of air and water, and then provide the cooling water required for the air conditioning system. The working principle of the cooling tower is mainly based on the heat exchange between water and air. When hot water is dispersed into small water droplets or water films through the spray system of the cooling tower, these water droplets or water films come into contact with the air, and the water temperature gradually decreases. In this process, part of the water will be lost through evaporation, which is the main source of water consumption for the cooling tower. The central air conditioning water situation is related to its cooling method and cooling method. The refrigeration method is divided into two categories. One is electric compression refrigeration, that is, rely on the compressor to increase the pressure of the gaseous refrigeration medium to achieve the refrigeration cycle; The other is thermal drive absorption refrigeration, that is, the use of lithium bromide refrigerant's strong hygroscopic characteristics, in the process of water absorption and solution evaporation to generate cooling source. Because the operating cost of thermal drive absorption refrigeration is more than 60% higher than that of electric compression refrigeration, the practical application is mainly based on electric compression refrigeration. The cooling method is divided into two categories. One is the water cooling mode of cooling tower cooling, that is, the heat of the condenser is passed to the circulating cooling water through the heat exchanger, the circulating cooling water is transported to the cooling tower, and the heat is dispersed to the atmosphere through contact with the atmosphere and evaporation in the cooling tower; The other is the air-cooled mode of air cooling, that is, the heat of the condenser is directly passed to 29 the atmosphere by forced convection through the fan. The cooling limit of water cooling is the wet bulb temperature of the atmosphere, which has high cooling efficiency, small power consumption and large water consumption; The cooling limit of air cooling is the dry bulb temperature of the atmosphere, which has low cooling efficiency and large power consumption, but does not consume water. Based on the building characteristics of air-cooled and water-cooled central air conditioning, public buildings are divided into two categories. The first category involves office buildings (such as office buildings, government office buildings, etc.), hotel buildings (such as hotels, restaurants, entertainment venues, etc.), education buildings, medical and health buildings, communication buildings (such as posts and telecommunications, communications, broadcasting rooms, etc.), with small unit space, refrigeration load changes frequently common, suitable for promoting the use of air-cooled central air conditioning. The second category involves commercial buildings (such as shopping malls, supermarkets, financial buildings, etc.), cultural buildings (such as museums, exhibition halls, etc.), sports buildings (such as stadiums, etc.), transportation buildings (such as airports, stations, etc.), etc., with large space, large demand for cooling capacity, and the commonality of air conditioning for a long time, it is not suitable to promote the use of air-cooled central air conditioning. [7] The water of the central air conditioning is concentrated in the circulating cooling water system, and the water loss includes four parts: evaporation, blowdown, drift, leakage and splashing. Among them, the evaporation water is about 1% of the circulating cooling water flow; The amount of sewage is related to the concentration ratio of circulating water, when the concentration ratio is 2, the amount of sewage is equal to the amount of evaporation, when the concentration ratio is 3, the amount of sewage is equal to 50% of the amount of evaporation; The floating water is related to the type of water filling, the type of water separator, the ventilation mode, the wind speed in the tower and other factors, which is generally about 0.05% of the circulating water, two orders of magnitude smaller than the evaporation and sewage 30 water; Leakage and sputtering can be eliminated by strengthening operation and maintenance management. In the case of strengthened management, the water consumption of water-cooled central air conditioning generally does not exceed 2% of the circulating water, mainly due to evaporation and sewage losses. First, the central air conditioning water consumption is large. Central air conditioning water is an important part of public building water, accounting for up to 30%. In 2020, public institutions nationwide will have a floor area of 8.87 billion m3 and consume 10.7 billion m3 of water, of which about 1.77 billion m3 will be consumed by central air conditioning. Second, the current situation of water management for central air-conditioning is extensive. China has issued more than 30 standards related to central air conditioning, which mainly regulate air conditioning products, energy efficiency grades, green product evaluation and energy efficiency certification, but there are no relevant standards and norms for the water-saving management of central air conditioning cooling towers. Production enterprises mainly focus on efficient refrigeration and energy saving and consumption reduction, and pay little attention to water saving. According to field research, the central air conditioning water metering rate is 45.5%, the management status is relatively extensive. Third, the building type suitable for the use of air-cooled central air conditioning is the building type with small unit space and frequent changes in refrigeration load, such as government office buildings, which is widely used in buildings with a building height of less than 50 m and a building area of less than 20 000 m2. Fourth, the central air conditioning has great water-saving potential. The current status of central air conditioning concentration ratio is generally 2~3, if the concentration ratio is increased to 5, the water saving amount is 36%. Strengthen the water-saving management of central air conditioners and increase the concentration ratio to 5, and the central air conditioning water of public institutions in the country can save about 640 million m3 per year. In newly built public buildings suitable for 31 promoting the use of air-cooled central air conditioning, the use of air-cooled central air conditioning can save 65 million m3 of water every year. [8] 5.2 Influencing factors of air conditioning on water resources. Environmental factors. Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity have a significant impact on the water consumption of cooling towers. In the summer high temperature season, due to the higher water temperature and faster evaporation rate, the water consumption of the cooling tower will increase accordingly. The higher humidity environment will slow down the evaporation rate, thus reducing the water consumption. Type and size of cooling tower. Different types and sizes of cooling towers will vary in their cooling efficiency and water consumption. In general, large cooling towers have a larger cooling area and are better able to lower the water temperature, but the corresponding water consumption will also increase. Operating parameters. The operating parameters of the cooling tower, such as spray density, air volume, etc., will also have an impact on water consumption. Reasonable operation parameter Settings can ensure the cooling effect at the same time, reduce the water consumption. In practical applications, the water consumption of cooling towers varies due to various factors. In general, the water consumption of the cooling tower is proportional to the amount of water it treats, that is, the greater the amount of water treated, the greater the amount of water consumed. At the same time, due to the evaporation loss in the cooling process, the water consumption of the cooling tower will usually be slightly larger than the amount of water treated. However, the amount of water a cooling tower consumes is not unlimited. By adopting some water-saving measures, such as optimizing the design and operation parameters of the cooling tower, improving cooling efficiency, and reducing evaporation loss, the water consumption of the cooling tower can be effectively reduced. 32 Central air conditioning is mainly used in circulation cooling water, air-cooled compression refrigeration system adopts air cooling radiator heat dissipation, circulation cooling does not consume water. The water for water-cooled compression refrigeration is concentrated in the circulating cooling water system, and the main water equipment is circulating pumps, pipeline systems and cooling towers. Circulating cooling water system water loss includes 4 parts, including. Evaporation, wind blowing, blowdown and leakage. The circulating cooling water consumption of a central air conditioner is the sum of evaporation, wind blowing, blowdown and leakage. The leakage loss in the four parts of the loss of circulating cooling water includes the sputtering of the cooling tower, the leakage of pipes and pumps, and other components. When the operation and management are good, the amount is very small and can be ignored. Therefore, the central air conditioning water consumption is mainly evaporation, wind blow and sewage loss, evaporation and wind blow loss and cooling tower related, sewage loss and circulating water quality related. The amount of water replenished by circulating cooling water = evaporation loss + wind loss + sewage loss. The evaporation loss is about 1.5% of the circulating cooling water, and the wind blow loss can be controlled below 0.05% of the circulating water. The amount of sewage discharge is related to the concentration rate, the quantity value is the evaporation loss amount in addition to the concentration rate minus 1, such as the concentration rate is 2, the sewage water is equal to the evaporation loss, the concentration rate is 10, the sewage loss is 0.1 times the evaporation loss. Singapore has certain requirements for water saving in central air conditioning, and the concentration ratio is greater than or equal to 7 in the evaluation of green buildings. In summary, the water consumption of water-cooled central air conditioning is about 3% to 5% of the circulation water, mainly due to evaporation and sewage losses. An office building of 10,000 square meters needs to be equipped with a 33 cooling capacity of 1700 kilowatts, and the corresponding circulation water needs to be about 280 cubic meters per hour, that is, the water consumption per hour is about 5 to 8 cubic meters. [9] 5.3 Environmental impact of water utilization by air conditioning. China is the sixth largest country in the world in terms of total water resources, but due to its large population base, its per capita water resources are only 1/4 of the world average, making it a water-poor country. The distribution of water resources in China is highly uneven among regions, with abundant water resources in the south and extremely scarce water resources in the north, especially in the north. The distribution of water resources is uneven between seasons. Water-saving resources are relatively abundant in summer and autumn, but relatively scarce in winter and spring. The shortage of water resources is especially serious in densely populated areas. The total water supply in 2023 will be 590.65 billion m', 9.17 billion m less than in 2022. Of this, 487.47 billion m' will be supplied by surface sources, 81.95 billion m by underground sources and 21.23 billion m' by unconventional sources. The total water supply in the country was 590.65 billion m '. Of this total, 90.98 billion m was used for domestic use, 97.02 billion m' for industry, 367.24 billion m' for agriculture, and 35.41 billion m' for artificial ecological environment. The national water consumption was 320.17 billion m'. In 2023, the country's per capita comprehensive water consumption will be 419m, and the water consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP (current price) will be 46.9m'. The average water consumption per mu of cultivated land for irrigation is 347m ', the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water is 0.576 ', the water consumption per 10,000 yuan of industrial added value (current price) is 24.3m', and the per capita domestic water consumption is 177L/d(of which the per capita residential water consumption is 125L/d). Calculated at comparable prices, water consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP and water consumption per 10,000 yuan 34 of industrial added value decreased by 6.4 percent and 3.9 percent, respectively, compared with 2022. The current situation of water resources in China has both abundant total quantity and challenges such as uneven distribution, low utilization efficiency and prominent shortage. The impact of water shortage on the environment is multifaceted. The following are some major environmental impacts. 1. Degradation of ecosystem Rivers and lakes dry up. Water shortages can cause rivers and lakes to drop or even dry up, damaging the habitats of aquatic ecosystems. Wetlands and swamps disappear. Wetlands and bogs are important ecosystems that play a key role in regulating climate, purifying water and providing biodiversity. Water scarcity can cause these ecosystems to degrade or disappear. Biodiversity is reduced. Aquatic life is unable to adapt to extreme water shortages, leading to declines in species diversity and populations. 2. Water quality deteriorates Water quality declines. Water scarcity can lead to increased pollution of water bodies, as people may draw water from more polluted sources. Salinization. In arid regions, falling water tables can cause soil salinization, affecting vegetation growth and water quality. 3 Land degradation Dry soil. Water scarcity causes soil moisture to decrease and the soil becomes dry, affecting plant growth and soil fertility. Desertification. Prolonged droughts and water shortages can lead to desertification of land, increasing wind erosion and soil erosion. 4. Climate change Climate feedback loops. Water scarcity can lead to feedback loops in the climate system, such as reduced evaporation that can lower water vapor content in the atmosphere, further affecting rainfall patterns. 35 Extreme weather events. Water scarcity can increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as droughts, floods, heat waves. 5 Biogeographic changes Changes in species distribution. Water scarcity may cause the range of some species to shrink, while others may spread as they become more adaptable. Niche change. Water scarcity can lead to niche changes that affect competition and symbiosis between species. 6. Reduced environmental services Water purification. Water scarcity can lead to a decrease in water purification capacity and affect water quality. Fewer water sources. Water scarcity can lead to a reduction in available water sources, affecting local and downstream ecosystems. 7. Socio-economic impacts Reduced agricultural productivity. Water scarcity directly affects agricultural production, resulting in reduced grain production and affecting food security. The value of ecosystem services decreases. The degradation of ecosystems results in a decline in the value of the services they provide, such as water conservation, soil conservation, etc. 8. Impact of water scarcity on human health Drinking water safety issues. Water shortages can lead to less potable water, increasing the risk of spreading diseases such as cholera, dysentery and typhoid. Inadequate sanitation facilities. Water scarcity can lead to limited use of sanitation facilities, such as toilets and showers, increasing the risk of infectious diseases. 9. Cultural and social impact of water scarcity Damage to cultural heritage. Water-related cultural sites and traditional activities can be damaged or disappear due to water scarcity. Social conflict. Water shortages can exacerbate regional tensions and even lead to conflict. 36 10. Impact of water scarcity on urban environment Less urban greening. Water scarcity can lead to less urban greenery, affecting the heat island effect and air quality in cities. Impaired landscape aesthetics. Urban landscapes such as parks, lakes and rivers can lose their beauty due to water scarcity. 11. The impact of water scarcity on agriculture Reduced irrigation efficiency. Water scarcity can result in less efficient irrigation, affecting crop growth and yields. Crop variety changes. Farmers may have to grow drought-tolerant crop varieties, which could affect the diversity and quality of produce. 12. Impact of water scarcity on industry Rising production costs. Rising industrial water costs can lead to increased production costs, affecting the profitability of enterprises. Industrial structure changes. Water scarcity may lead to the relocation or closure of certain water-intensive industries. 13. Impact of water scarcity on global trade Volatile food and water prices. Water scarcity can lead to volatile food and water prices, affecting international trade. Supply chains are disrupted. Water shortages can lead to supply chain disruptions, affecting global trade and industrial production. 14. Impact of water scarcity on future planning Urban planning adjustment. Water scarcity may lead to urban planning adjustments to accommodate new models of water allocation and management. Long-term development strategy adjustment. Countries or regions may need to adjust their long-term development strategies to meet the challenges of water scarcity. In conclusion, water scarcity is a complex issue and its impact is multi- dimensional, involving all aspects of the environment, society, economy and culture. The impact of water scarcity on the environment is profound. It not only disrupts the balance of natural ecosystems, but also further aggravates environmental problems by 37 affecting socio-economic activities. Therefore, effective management of water resources and protection of the ecological environment are the key to cope with water shortage. [10] 6. POLICY SUGGESTIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF AIR CONDITIONING USE 6.1 Improving air conditioning energy efficiency standards. In order to improve air-conditioning efficiency standards and reduce air- conditioning energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, the following are some policy recommendations. 1 Create stricter energy efficiency standards 38 Raise the minimum energy efficiency ratio (SEER). Set a higher SEER standard to force air conditioning manufacturers to produce more energy efficient devices. 3 Segment product categories. Set different energy efficiency standards based on different types of air conditioners (such as split, central, etc.). 2 Promote an energy efficiency labeling system Implement energy efficiency labeling. Require that all air conditioning products must be labeled with energy efficiency labels, so that consumers can choose efficient products. Label update. Update energy efficiency labels regularly to reflect the latest energy efficiency technologies. 3 Financial incentives Subsidize efficient air conditioners. Provide subsidies to consumers who buy high-efficiency air conditioners to encourage the market to transition to efficient products. Tax incentives. Give tax incentives to businesses that produce and use highly efficient air conditioners. 4. Strengthen market supervision Strict implementation of standards. Strengthen supervision of the air conditioning market to ensure that all products meet energy efficiency standards. crack down on fake and shoddy products. Crack down on fake and shoddy products that do not meet energy efficiency standards. 5. Public education and publicity Raise public awareness. Raise public awareness of air conditioning energy efficiency through media and educational campaigns. Promote knowledge about energy efficiency. Popularize knowledge about energy conservation and encourage consumers to choose and rationally use efficient air conditioners. 6. Technology research and development and promotion 39 Support technology research and development. Encourage companies to develop and adopt more efficient air conditioning technologies and materials. Promote energy-saving technologies. Energy-saving technologies such as frequency conversion technology and heat pump technology will be popularized. 7. Policy coordination and international cooperation Cross-sectoral coordination. Coordinate multiple departments such as energy, environmental protection and construction to jointly promote the improvement of air conditioning energy efficiency standards. International cooperation. Cooperate with international organizations and developed countries to learn from advanced experience and jointly address global climate change. 8. Update regulations and policies Evaluate standards regularly. Energy efficiency standards are regularly reviewed and updated to adapt to technological advances and market changes. Legislative support. Ensure the implementation and enforcement of energy efficiency standards through legislation. 9. Establish an energy efficiency certification system Third-party certification. Establish an independent third-party certification body to certify the energy efficiency of air conditioning products to ensure the fairness and authority of the certification results. Authentication identifier. Issue logos for products that pass certification so that consumers can easily identify and choose. 10. Strengthen the delisting mechanism of products Eliminate inefficient products. The delisting mechanism will be implemented for air conditioning products that fail to meet the new energy efficiency standards, and their sales in the market will be restricted. Phasing out old equipment. Encourage or mandate the phase-out of old inefficient air conditioning units, especially those that are older and less energy efficient. 40 11 Encourage rental services Promote rental models. Air conditioning rental services are encouraged, whereby consumers can use efficient air conditioners through leasing, reducing the need to buy inefficient ones in one go. Leasing concessions. Preferential policies will be given to companies that provide high-efficiency air conditioning rental services. 12. Support research and development and innovation Research and development funding. Provide financial support for research and development related to improving air conditioning efficiency. Incentives for innovation. Reward enterprises with innovative achievements in improving the energy efficiency of air conditioners. 13. Strengthen policy implementation and monitoring Oversight mechanisms. Establish an effective monitoring mechanism to ensure the implementation of energy efficiency standards. Penalties for violations. Penalties will be imposed on manufacturers and sellers who violate energy efficiency standards, raising the cost of breaking the law. 14. Long-term planning and goal setting Set long-term goals. Develop long-term air conditioning energy efficiency improvement goals and plans to ensure the continuous improvement of energy efficiency standards. Implement in stages. Break down long-term goals into short-term goals and implement them in stages to gradually raise energy efficiency standards. 15. International cooperation and exchange Participate in international standard setting. Actively participate in the formulation and revision of international air-conditioning energy efficiency standards, and promote global energy efficiency improvement. Technical exchanges. Exchange advanced technology and experience with other countries to promote the development of domestic air conditioning industry. 41 Through these policy suggestions, air conditioning energy efficiency can be effectively improved, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced, while promoting the healthy development of the air conditioning industry and the protection of consumer interests, and promoting sustainable development and environmental protection. 6.2 Promote energy-saving air conditioning technology. To promote energy-efficient air conditioning technology and reduce the environmental impact of air conditioning use, here are some policy recommendations. 1. Legislative and policy support Develop regulations for energy-efficient air conditioning. Adopt legislation to force the use of high-efficiency air conditioners and restrict or ban the production and sale of low-efficiency air conditioners. Policy incentives. Provide tax breaks, subsidies and other policy incentives for enterprises that produce and use energy-efficient air conditioners. 2. Energy efficiency labeling and certification Implement energy efficiency labeling. All air conditioning products must be affixed with energy efficiency labels, clearly indicating the energy efficiency level of the product, to help consumers make informed choices. Certification system. Establish a certification system for energy-saving air conditioners to ensure the energy efficiency level of certified products. 3. Technology development and innovation Investment in R&D funds. Provide financial support for research and development of energy-saving air conditioning technology, and encourage enterprises and research institutions to carry out technological innovation. Intellectual property protection. We will strengthen protection of intellectual property rights, encourage enterprises to invest in research and development, and innovate energy-saving technologies. 42 4. Market promotion and consumer education Promote education. Popularize the knowledge of energy-saving air conditioners through media, Internet and other channels to improve consumers' awareness and acceptance of energy-saving air conditioners. Demonstration project. Construction of energy-saving air conditioning demonstration projects to demonstrate the actual effects of energy-saving air conditioning and guide market consumption. 5. Financial subsidies and preferential measures Subsidies for purchasing machines. Provide financial subsidies for consumers to purchase energy-saving air conditioners to reduce the purchase cost of consumers. Loan concessions. Offer low-interest loans or installment options to encourage consumers to buy energy-efficient air conditioners. 6 Build codes and standards Energy efficiency standards for buildings. It is mandatory to use energy-saving air conditioners in building design codes to improve the overall energy efficiency of buildings. Green building certification. Encourage green building certification by including energy-efficient air conditioning as one of the certification criteria. 7 Industry standards and codes Set industry standards. Formulate industry standards and norms for energy- saving air conditioners to promote the development of the industry in the direction of energy conservation. Eliminate outdated production capacity. We will encourage the elimination of production lines for inefficient air conditioners and reduce the supply of inefficient products in the market. 8. International cooperation Technology introduction. Cooperate with international energy-saving air conditioning manufacturers to introduce advanced energy-saving technology and equipment. 43 Joint research and development. Cooperate with international organizations to jointly conduct research and development of energy-saving air conditioning technology. 9. Public institutions take the lead Use by government agencies. Government agencies take the lead in using energy-saving air conditioners to play an exemplary role. Guidelines for public procurement. It is clearly required in the public procurement guidelines to prioritize the procurement of energy-efficient air conditioners. 10. Supervision and evaluation Establish oversight mechanisms. Establish an effective supervision mechanism to ensure the effective implementation of energy-saving air conditioning policies. Regular evaluation. Regularly evaluate the effect of the implementation of the energy-saving air conditioning policy, and make adjustments according to the evaluation results. Through these policy suggestions, the popularization of energy-saving air conditioning technology can be effectively promoted, the negative impact of air conditioning use on the environment can be reduced, and the establishment of a green and low-carbon lifestyle can be promoted. 6.3 Strengthen the management of air conditioning use. In order to strengthen the management of air conditioning use and reduce the impact of air conditioning use on the environment, the following are some policy suggestions. 1. Regulation and policy development Develop guidelines for the use of air conditioners. Guidelines for the use of air conditioners have been issued, stipulating the reasonable use temperature and time of air conditioners to reduce energy consumption. 44 Enforce standards. Management of mandatory energy efficiency standards for air conditioning use in public places and commercial buildings. 2. Energy audit and energy efficiency monitoring Energy audits. Require regular energy audits of large public buildings and commercial facilities to identify energy savings potential. Energy efficiency monitoring systems. Install an energy efficiency monitoring system to monitor the energy consumption and efficiency of the air conditioning system in real time. 3. Intelligent management Intelligent control system. Promote the use of intelligent air conditioning control systems that automatically adjust temperature and humidity based on real-time data and user needs. Remote monitoring. Realize remote monitoring and fault warning of air conditioning system, improve management efficiency. 4. Education and training Public education. Raise public awareness about the use of energy-efficient air conditioners through the media, community events, etc. Training for professionals. Air conditioning maintenance personnel should be trained in energy conservation management to improve their professional level. 5. Economic incentives Incentives for energy conservation. Give incentives to buildings or individuals who implement energy-saving measures, such as energy-saving subsidies, tax incentives, etc. Punishment mechanism. Imposing penalties such as fines on units or individuals that violate energy-saving regulations. 6. Building design and renovation Building energy efficiency design. Consider the energy efficiency of the air conditioning system during the building design phase and use energy efficient materials and designs. 45 Retrofit existing buildings. Encourage energy efficient renovation of existing buildings, including upgrading air-conditioning systems. 7. Management of public places Air conditioning regulations in public places. Set a schedule for air conditioning use in public places such as shopping malls, movie theaters, etc., to avoid unnecessary long hours. Indoor and outdoor temperature difference control. Limit the indoor and outdoor temperature difference is too large, reduce the cooling or heating needs of air conditioning. 8 Make information transparent Make information public. Require air conditioning system information to be made public, including energy consumption data, maintenance records, etc., to improve transparency. User participation. Encourage users to participate in energy saving activities, such as setting reasonable indoor temperatures, using energy saving modes, etc. 9. International cooperation Learn from international experiences. Learn from the international advanced management experience and technology to improve the management level of air conditioning. Participate in international projects. Participate in international energy conservation projects and jointly promote global air conditioning energy efficiency. 10. Continuous monitoring and evaluation Evaluate regularly. Regularly evaluate the effect of the air conditioning use management policy, and adjust and optimize according to the evaluation results. Continuous improvement. Establish a continuous improvement mechanism to ensure that air conditioning use management policies keep pace with The Times. Through these policy recommendations, air conditioning use can be effectively managed to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, while improving indoor comfort and energy efficiency levels. 46 7. RESEARCH METHODS AND DATA SOURCES 7.1 Research Methods. This study aims to comprehensively explore the impact of air conditioning use on China's environment, and adopts a variety of research methods, including literature review, data analysis, case studies, etc., combined with qualitative and quantitative analysis. The following is a detailed description of the research methods and procedures. Research Methods 1. Literature review Purpose. Through the collection and analysis of domestic and foreign related literature, the existing research results on the environmental impact of air conditioning use were sorted out. 47 The Content. Covers air conditioning energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, water consumption and more. Method. Use keyword search, database search, literature screening and content analysis. 2. Data analysis Purpose. Analyze the collected data to quantify the environmental impact of air conditioning use. Source of data. Government statistics, energy consumption reports, environmental monitoring data, corporate reports, etc. Methods of analysis. Quantitative analysis. Use statistical software for statistical analysis of energy consumption, emissions and other data. Trend analysis. Analyze long-term trends in air conditioning usage versus environmental impact. Analysis of influencing factors. Identify key factors that affect air conditioning energy consumption and environmental impact. 3 Do case studies Purpose. In-depth analysis of the environmental impact of air conditioning use on a particular region or industry through specific cases. Case selection. Choose a representative city, industry, or building type to use as a case. Research the steps. Data collection. Collect data on energy consumption, emissions, environmental impact, etc. related to the case. Field research. Do a field trip on the case to get an idea of the actual situation. Case studies. Conduct an in-depth analysis of the case to summarize experiences and lessons learned. Combine qualitative and quantitative analysis 48 Qualitative analysis. Use literature reviews, case studies, and expert interviews to provide a qualitative description and explanation of the effects of air conditioning use. Quantitative analysis. Quantitative assessment of the impact of air conditioning use through data analysis. Comprehensive analysis. Combine the results of qualitative and quantitative analysis to form an overall understanding of the environmental impact of air conditioning use. Research Steps 1. Literature search and review. Relevant literature was systematically searched and reviewed to establish a research framework. 2. Data collection and sorting. Collect relevant data, including energy consumption data, emission data, environmental quality data, etc. 3. Data analysis and processing. Analyze the collected data and identify the factors affecting the environmental impact of air conditioning use. 4 Do a case study. Select typical cases for in-depth study and provide empirical analysis of specific cases. 5. Result integration and report writing. Integrate the results of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis to write a research report. Through such research methods, this study will be able to comprehensively and deeply analyze the impact of air conditioning use on China's environment, providing valuable reference information for policy makers, enterprises and the public. 7.2 Sources of Data. The data mainly comes from the following aspects. Statistics on energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and air quality released by government departments; Academic journals, research reports and other documents; Enterprise and industry reports; 49 And reports and standards published by international organizations. 8. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF AIR CONDITIONING USE ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION 8.1 Current energy consumption of air conditioning. At present, the problem of energy consumption of air conditioning has aroused wide concern. With the rise of global temperature and the increase of hot weather in summer, the frequency and time of use of air conditioners have increased significantly, resulting in a sharp rise in energy consumption. Air conditioning not only consumes a lot of power resources in the operation process, but also has a certain negative impact on the environment. Especially in some high energy consumption of commercial buildings and residential buildings, the problem of energy consumption of air conditioning system is particularly serious. According to relevant statistics, the energy consumed by China's air conditioning system accounts for 21.7% of the total energy consumption of China's society. It is a general trend for HVAC systems to save energy and reduce carbon. At present, China has about 60 billion square meters of buildings, according to the analysis and calculation, the 50 existing building operation process energy consumption caused by carbon dioxide emissions of about 2.2 billion t, of which direct carbon emissions accounted for about 29%, power related indirect carbon emissions accounted for about 50%, thermal related indirect carbon emissions accounted for about 21%. Among them, the carbon dioxide emissions caused by the energy consumption of the HVAC system in China's buildings are about 990 million t. China Quality Certification Center in charge of household appliances energy-saving certification experts said that China's air conditioning market is almost 500 million, conservative estimates this summer will be 100 million air conditioning units. As we all know, air conditioners use a lot of electricity, nearly 75% of China's electricity is emitted by thermal power plants, roughly speaking, thermal power generation to produce 1 kilowatt-hour of electricity will emit 1 jin of carbon dioxide, then 100 million air conditioners, start the carbon dioxide emissions are very amazing. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics and the National Energy Administration, the energy consumption of air conditioners in China has shown a significant growth trend over the past decades. With the popularity of air conditioners and the improvement of air-conditioning efficiency standards, the growth rate of energy consumption has slowed down, but the overall energy consumption is still huge. 8.2 Influencing factors of air conditioning energy consumption. Type of air conditioner. Different types of air conditioning (such as split type, central air conditioning) have different energy efficiency ratios and significant differences in energy consumption. The type of air conditioner can be classified according to a variety of criteria such as its working principle, installation method, and use occasion. Common classification methods include compression air conditioning, absorption air conditioning and steam jet air conditioning according to the working principle; According to the installation method is divided into window air conditioning, split air conditioning, central air conditioning and mobile air 51 conditioning; According to the use of the occasion can be divided into household air conditioning, commercial air conditioning and industrial air conditioning. Compression air conditioning is the most common type, through the compressor to cycle the refrigerant compression, so as to achieve the effect of cooling or heating. Absorption air conditioners use heat energy to drive refrigerant circulation, which is suitable for some special occasions. Steam jet air conditioners use steam jet to achieve cooling, but fewer applications. Different types of air conditioning systems, such as split air conditioning and central air conditioning, have unique energy efficiency ratios. The energy efficiency ratio refers to the ratio between the efficiency of cooling or heating an air conditioning unit and the amount of electrical energy it consumes during operation. Split air conditioners usually consist of indoor and outdoor units, which are flexible to install and suitable for smaller Spaces. Central air conditioning systems, on the other hand, have a wider coverage and are suitable for large areas of buildings, with temperature regulation through multiple indoor air outlets. Due to differences in design and working principle, split air conditioning and central air conditioning have significant differences in energy efficiency ratio. Split air conditioners have a lower energy efficiency than average, which means they consume more electrical energy when cooling or heating and are relatively energy intensive. Central air conditioning systems, due to the use of more advanced technology and optimized design, usually have a higher energy efficiency ratio, which can provide better cooling or heating effects while consuming less electricity, thus reducing energy consumption. Energy efficiency ratio refers to the ratio of the electric energy consumed by the air conditioner during cooling or heating to the output cooling or heat production. The higher the energy efficiency ratio, the more efficient the air conditioner will be at cooling or heating, and the less electricity it will consume per hour. Time of use. The frequency and length of air conditioning use directly affects energy consumption. The frequency of air conditioning use and the length of each use can have a significant impact on energy consumption. Specifically, turning the air 52 conditioner on and off frequently can lead to higher energy consumption because each time the air conditioner is turned on, the device needs to consume more electricity to reach the set temperature. In addition, running the air conditioner for a long period of time can also increase power consumption, as maintaining the room at a set temperature requires a constant supply of energy. Time of use and frequency of use are also important factors affecting the power consumption of air conditioners. If the air conditioner is operated continuously for a long time, the electricity consumption per hour will be higher. On the other hand, if the air conditioner is used less frequently and for shorter periods of time, the power consumption per hour will be correspondingly reduced. Outdoor temperature. The higher the outdoor temperature, the greater the demand for air conditioning cooling, and the energy consumption increases. As the outdoor temperature rises, the cooling demand of the air conditioning system will increase accordingly in order to maintain the cool and comfortable indoor environment. This increased cooling demand will lead to an increase in the energy consumption of air conditioning equipment. This is because air conditioners use more electricity to drive compressors in high temperatures to reduce the indoor temperature. Therefore, when the outside temperature is higher, the operating cost and energy consumption of the air conditioner will increase significantly. The temperature and humidity of the environment will also affect the power consumption of the air conditioner. In a high temperature and humidity environment, the air conditioner needs to consume more electrical energy to reduce the indoor temperature and humidity, so the hourly power consumption will increase accordingly. 8.3 Environmental Impact of air conditioning energy consumption. Greenhouse gas emissions. The increase in energy consumption of air conditioners leads to a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions, contributing to global climate change. 53 With the increase in the popularity and frequency of air conditioning, its energy consumption is also rising. This phenomenon of high energy consumption leads to a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions, which in turn has a significant negative impact on global climate change. As a greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide is able to accumulate in the atmosphere, absorb and reflect heat, thus exacerbating the trend of global warming. This kind of climate change not only causes damage to the natural environment, but also poses serious challenges to the sustainable development of human society. Therefore, reducing the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of air conditioners has become an important issue that needs to be solved urgently around the world. Energy resource consumption. The increase in air conditioning energy consumption puts pressure on limited energy resources. With the increasing frequency of air conditioning, its energy consumption is also increasing, which puts great pressure on the limited energy resources. Since air conditioning equipment needs to consume a lot of power during operation, especially in the hot summer, people tend to over-rely on air conditioning in order to pursue a cool indoor environment, resulting in a sharp rise in energy consumption. This excessive energy consumption not only increases the burden of the power supply system, but also may lead to the problem of energy shortage and unstable power supply. In addition, the widespread use of air conditioning also intensifies the dependence on fossil fuels, further promoting the process of global climate change. 54 9. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF AIR CONDITIONING ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 9.1 Greenhouse gas emission status of air conditioning. Greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning mainly include emissions of carbon dioxide, freon and other refrigerants. Carbon emissions is a general term or abbreviation for greenhouse gas emissions. The most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, so "carbon emissions" can also be understood as "carbon dioxide emissions". Carbon emissions refer to the average greenhouse gas emissions generated in the production, transportation, use and recycling of the product. Air conditioning itself does not produce carbon dioxide. Air conditioners work by circulating refrigerants inside copper pipes through evaporators and condensers to change the temperature and humidity of the indoor air, a process that involves no chemical reactions and emits no gas. However, the use of air conditioners may have some indirect effects on the environment. For example, the use of freon refrigerants may damage the ozone layer, and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are produced during the chemical decomposition process. Air conditioners emit carbon throughout their entire life cycle. The life cycle of air conditioning includes five links, which are the raw material collection stage, the production and manufacturing stage, the sales and transportation stage, the use stage 55 and the recycling and disposal stage. In the raw material collection stage, the raw materials of air conditioning include refrigerants, steel plates, plastics and so on. Among them, the acquisition stage of refrigerants and other materials will produce certain carbon emissions. At present, the main refrigerants for household air conditioning are R22, R410a, R32 and R290. Taking R290 refrigerant as an example, the production of one ton of R290 refrigerant will emit 329kg CO2 respectively. Then there will be 79g of carbon emissions in the refrigerant acquisition stage. In addition to refrigerant, raw material acquisition stage in other material acquisition stage, will also consume a certain amount of steel plate, aluminum, copper and other materials, as well as packaging boxes and plastics and so on. On average, each air conditioner will emit about 77.4kg of carbon dioxide. The manufacturing and assembly of air conditioners also emit carbon. In the manufacturing and assembly of air conditioners, a certain amount of electric energy, gasoline, diesel, natural gas, etc., will be consumed, resulting in carbon emissions, which are expected to produce carbon emissions of 9.2kg. Air conditioning sent to all parts of the country, the transportation process will also produce energy consumption, the current main use is road transport, assuming that from Guangdong to Beijing, the transportation distance is 2100km, then transport a weight 35kg air conditioning carbon emissions of 5.44kg. In the use stage, suppose that a power 1.5P air conditioning use time for 10 years, a year to run 3 months, working days to run 6 hours, weekends to run 8 hours. Then the total electricity consumption of the air conditioner in the use stage is about 9500 degrees, and the expected carbon emission is 5035kg. There are also carbon emissions caused by refrigerant leakage in the use stage of air conditioning. The annual refrigerant leakage is 6%, and the total leakage in 10 years is 60%. The carbon emissions of air conditioning due to refrigerant leakage also have 430g. The total leakage of refrigerant in 10 years is about 430 grams. After the air conditioner is scrapped, it is calculated that the plastic recovery is 30% and the metal recovery is 85%. 56 The recycling process is expected to produce 346g of carbon dioxide. The total life cycle emissions of an air conditioner of 5,128kg is equivalent to the carbon emissions of driving 100 kilometers a day for a year. According to relevant studies, about 20% of the total electricity consumption of a building is consumed by refrigeration units such as air conditioners. The hourly household electricity load is highest in summer and fluctuates widely, with the peak hour for air conditioning in homes and businesses in the afternoon. According to the latest public data from the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, each kilowatt-hour of electricity emits 0.5703kg of CO2. According to relevant statistics, air conditioning is responsible for nearly 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, And powering them emits 1.95 billion tons of carbon dioxide every year. According to the study, of the 1.95 billion tons of carbon dioxide emitted each year by powering air conditioners. Cooling air accounted for 531 million tons, dehumidification accounted for 599 million tons, refrigerant leakage, leakage of air conditioning unit manufacturing, transportation process accounted for 820 million tons. In accordance with the provisions of the Montreal Protocol, China banned the use of freon on January 1, 2010. In particular, the use of CFCS in newly manufactured home appliances will be completely banned. However, for older appliances and other products that are still using CFC-11, they will not be stopped immediately, but can only be phased out with their replacement. Known as the "killer of the planet", CFC- 11 has a greenhouse effect 2,000 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. Before it was found to damage the ozone layer, freon was used for cooling purposes around the world, and was widely used in cars and indoor refrigeration, air conditioning, refrigerators, and electrical cooling. According to statistics, the freon R12 used in automobile air conditioning is emitted into the atmosphere for the following reasons: maintenance losses account for 50%; Leakage losses account for 35%; Parts replacement accounted for 10% and other causes accounted for 5%. As a direct result of the depletion of the ozone layer, for every 1% reduction in ozone in the 57 atmosphere, there is a 2% increase in the amount of ultraviolet radiation on the ground from the sun, and a 5% to 7% increase in the incidence of skin cancer in humans. Excess ultraviolet radiation also kills microorganisms in the water, causing the extinction of certain species. At present, the domestic market, the use of freon white goods products are mainly air conditioners. In the process of installation and use of air conditioner, due to the non-standard installation process, a large amount of freon refrigerant is discharged into the atmosphere. 9.2 Influencing factors of greenhouse gas emission of air conditioner. Different types of refrigerants have different global warming potential (GWP). The ozone depleting potential (ODP) is a measure of how much damage a substance does to the ozone layer. The higher the ODP value, the greater the ozone-depleting capacity of the substance. Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a measure of how much a substance contributes to the Earth's greenhouse effect. It is a comparative value relative to carbon dioxide that indicates the effect of the substance on global warming over a certain period of time (usually 100 years). Refrigerants are usually numbered by letters and numbers, such as R22, R134a. Where, the "R" stands for the refrigerant, and the numbers following it indicate a specific chemical composition and molecular structure. This table summarizes the boiling point, critical temperature and critical pressure of these refrigerants at standard atmospheric pressure, as well as their environmental impact indicators. At present, the focus of refrigerants for home air conditioning is mainly on R22, R410a, R32, and R290. The safety of refrigerants mainly includes toxicity and flammability. The national standard "Refrigerant Numbering Method and Safety Classification" GB/T 77782017 divides the toxicity of refrigerants into class A (low chronic toxicity) and Class B (high chronic toxicity). The flammability is divided into class 1 (no flame propagation), class 2L (weak flammable), Class 2 (flammable), and Class 3 (combustible and explosive). According to GB/T 7782017, the safety of 58 refrigerants is subdivided into 8 categories, respectively. A1, A2L, A2, A3, B1, B2L, B2, B3, among which, A1 is the safest and B3 is the most dangerous. R22 is the refrigerant that will be phased out. The chemical composition of R22 is chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2), which does not burn or explode, and is very toxic. The safety level is A1. R22 ozone depleting potential ODP>0, so it is not suitable for long-term use, China will be completely phased out by 2030. R410A is a replacement refrigerant for R22. R410A is composed of R32 and R125 by the proportion of 50% of the mass fraction, of which R32 (difluoromethane CH2F2, A2L), R125 (pentafluoroethane CF3CHF2, A1), A410A safety grade is A1, also belongs to the non-combustion, non-explosion, very toxic working medium. Compared with R22, R410a belongs to high pressure refrigerant, which requires higher pressure strength of equipment and system, but is conducive to reducing compressor displacement, reducing heat exchange copper pipe diameter and saving raw materials; The heat transfer and flow characteristics of R410a are better than R22, which is conducive to improving the operation efficiency of air conditioning and has obvious energy saving effect, so it has been widely used. The ODP of R410a =0, does not consume ozone; However, R410a has a GWP=1730 (for comparison, GWP=1 for CO2), which contributes more to global warming, so R410A is not the ultimate environmentally friendly refrigerant solution. R32 is a future refrigerant contender. The chemical composition of R32 is difluoromethane CH2F2, which is very toxic and slightly flammable, and the safety level is A2L. R32 has the possibility of explosion, and its explosion limit is 14.4% ~ 29.3%, which needs to solve the problem of low flammability in household air conditioning applications. The refrigeration performance of R32 is close to that of R410a. Under the same refrigeration capacity, the filling amount of R32 is less than that of R410a (about 30% less), but the exhaust temperature is higher than R410a. R32 ODP=0, GWP=675, belongs to green environmental protection refrigerant, is an important substitute for R22, currently in Europe, America, Japan and other countries have a large number of applications in the home air conditioning. 59 R290 is also a future refrigerant competitor. The chemical composition of R290 is propane (CH3CH2CH3), which is very toxic, flammable and has a safety rating of A3. R290 has an explosion limit of 2.1% to 10.0%[3] and a much lower explosion pointthanR32. With ODP=0 and GWP=20, R290 has a very small contribution to global warming, and it is a natural organic substance that can be obtained directly from liquefied petroleum gas at a low price. The thermal performance of R290 is good, the potential heat of gasification is large, the amount of liquid in the system is small, and the exhaust temperature is 20℃ lower than that of R22 under the same working condition, which is conducive to extending the service life of the compressor. In 2020, R290 gradually enters the field of vision, many domestic enterprises have established the production line of R290 air conditioning, and the national environmental protection department is sparing no effort to promote the marketization process of R290 products [4]. At present, the domestic support for R290 is greater than that for R32. The biggest obstacle to the promotion and application of R290 is the flammability problem, in the use of the process need to increase safety measures to ensure that the amount of charge is controlled within the prescribed value of the relevant regulations (standard IEC60335224: 2007) -- at present R290 in < 1.5P household air conditioning safety controllable; In addition, the amount of leakage should be reduced and the ability to detect and respond to leakage should be improved. With the improvement of environmental awareness, the use of refrigerants with 0 ODP and low GWP has become a trend. 9.3 Environmental impact of greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning. Greenhouse gases emitted by air conditioning will cause global climate change, aggravate global warming, have a negative impact on the ecosystem, lead to the increase of extreme weather events in various places, more and more moisture in the 60 atmosphere, and increase flood disasters, including tsunami, earthquake and other disasters and secondary disasters. The greenhouse gases emitted by air conditioning will cause global climate change, which will also have an impact on agriculture. Temperature is the most sensitive condition factor for biological growth, including some food products such as wheat that require winterization, which will seriously affect crop quality, yield, etc., and the harm of diseases and insects will increase, affecting the growth of food crops, and may also directly threaten people's survival. The greenhouse gases emitted by air conditioning will cause global climate change, aggravate the melting of the Arctic and Antarctic glaciers, and the rise of sea level. Changes in ocean salinity will cause major changes in the entire Marine ecosystem, which may lead to the disappearance and death of many species. Most of the economically developed areas of human beings are concentrated in the coastal areas. Although the sea level rise will not flood all at once, the cost of moving cities is not low. In addition, global warming may lead to the release of some viruses after the melting of glaciers, which will have an impact on human health. 61 10. CONCLUSION AND PROSPECT 10.1 Conclusion. The use of air conditioning has a multi-faceted impact on China's environment, including energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, air quality and water use. In order to mitigate these impacts, comprehensive measures are needed, including improving the energy efficiency of air conditioners, promoting energy-saving technologies, and strengthening management regulations. 10.2 Outlook. With the advancement of science and technology and the improvement of environmental awareness, the air conditioning industry will face more challenges and opportunities in the future. Developing efficient and environmentally friendly air conditioning technology, as well as formulating reasonable policies and regulations, will be the key to achieving sustainable development. 11. SUGGESTIONS ON POLICY AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION 11.1 Policy Recommendations. Improve energy efficiency standards. The government should continue to raise energy efficiency standards for air conditioners and encourage the production and use 62 of energy-efficient air conditioning products. We should improve the subsidy policy and provide subsidies to consumers who buy energy-efficient air conditioners to reduce their purchase costs. Tax policies will be optimized, and higher consumption taxes will be levied on air conditioner products with high energy consumption to guide consumers to choose energy-saving products. Regulations should be strengthened to strengthen supervision over the production and sale of air conditioners to ensure that products meet energy efficiency standards and environmental protection requirements. Public education should be strengthened to raise public awareness of the importance of air conditioning energy saving and environmental protection through the media and public activities. 11.2 Suggestions on technological innovation. Research and development of efficient refrigeration technology and encourage the research and development of new refrigeration technology, such as heat pump technology, to reduce the dependence on traditional refrigerants. Develop intelligent control systems, and use the Internet of Things and big data technology to develop intelligent air conditioning control systems to achieve optimal use of energy. Improve air conditioning design, optimize air flow and heat exchange efficiency of air conditioners, and reduce energy consumption. Research and develop refrigerant alternatives, research and promote the use of refrigerants with low global warming potential, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 12. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT TREND OF AIR CONDITIONING INDUSTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Energy efficiency improvement. With the continuous improvement of energy efficiency standards, energy-efficient air conditioning products will gradually become the mainstream of the market. 63 Intelligent. Intelligent air conditioners will have functions such as self-diagnosis, self-regulation and remote control to improve ease of use and energy efficiency. Be environmentally friendly. Environmental protection will become an important development direction for the air conditioning industry, including the use of environmentally friendly refrigerants and reducing the impact on the environment. 13. ECONOMY CALCULATION The Economics section is designed to calculate the student's performance and demonstrate the completion of the relevant diploma thesis. Reasonable time allocation is one of the conditions for the success of the timely graduation qualification work. One way to achieve this success is work planning for all stages and all tasks. When planning a master's thesis, it is not enough to simply divide the implementation process into phases - the duration of each phase must be determined with time funding available [11]. The distribution of work planned by time plays an important role in the planning process, so pay special attention to the setting of deadlines. This is very important for completing the main stages of the final qualification work as well as the curriculum [11]. 64 In the Master's diploma thesis, the grid (net) method of planning management can be used for its timely planning. Network Planning and Control (NPC) is a cybernetic-based approach to the management of complex dynamic systems, which provides optimal performance. Such indicators, depending on specific conditions and specified requirements, can be: minimum time for the entire working set, minimum development cost, maximum resource saving. The advantage of NPC method is that it can not only graphically present a complex set of works in their relationships, but also optimize the original network model according to the duration of the work, and carry out the operation management and adjustment of the work. 11] The results of the planning work on the completion of the graduation thesis are shown in the table. 3.1. Table 3.1 - List of tasks for diploma paper completion E Duration, Execution Name of stage vent days sequence 1 Receiving tasks 0 - General problem research； Writing an introduction； 2 1 1-2 Learn the information in Part 1 "Current Situation of Air-conditioning Energy Consumption in China". Format Part 1 « Introduction »； Learning information about Part 1 "Current Situation of Air Conditioning in China". 3 1 2-3 Format Part 2 « The impact of Air conditioning on energy consumption »; Processing of information gathered in practice. 65 Formatting Part 2 "The Environmental Impact of Air Conditioning Energy Consumption"; Learn the information for Part 3, "The Impact of Air Conditioning on Greenhouse Gas 4 4 2-4 Emissions;Format Part 2 "The Effect of Air Conditioning on Greenhouse Gas Emissions"; Learn the information for Part 4, "Effects of Air Conditioning on Air Quality. 5 Format Part 3 "The Effect of Air Conditioning on 4 4-5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions"; Learn the information for Part 5, "Effects of Air Conditioning Use on Water Use; Format Part 4, "Effects of Air Conditioning on Air Quality"; Learn the information for Part 6, "Policy Recommendations for Environmental Impacts of Air Conditioning Use. Format Part 5 "Impacts of Air Conditioning Use on Water Use"; Learn the information in Part 7, "Research Methods and data Sources"; 6 Format Part 6 "Policy Recommendations for 2 5-6 Environmental Impacts of Air Conditioning Use"; Learn the information in Part 8, "Analysis of the Effects of Air Conditioning Use on Energy Consumption. 66 Format Part 7 "Research Methods and Data Sources"; Learn the information in Part 9, "Analysis of the impact of Air conditioning Use on Energy 7 Consumption; 4 6-7 Format Part 8, "Effects of Air Conditioning on Greenhouse Gas Emissions"; Learn the information in Part 10, "Conclusions and Outlook. Format Part 9 "Analysis of the Effects of Air Conditioning Use on Energy Consumption"; Learn the information in Part 11, "Policy and Technological Innovation Proposals; 8 3 7-8 Format Part 10, "Conclusions and Outlook"; Learn the information for Part 12, "Future Trends in the Air conditioning industry in the context of Environmental protection". 9 Format Part 11 "Policy and Technological 8 8-9 Innovation Proposals". Learn the information in Part 13, "Economic 10 1 2-10 Calculations. Format Part 12 "Future Trends in the Air 11 Conditioning Industry in the Context of 4 9-11 Environmental Protection". 67 Learn the information in Part 14, "Conclusions"; 12 2 2-12 Format Part 13, "Economic Calculations". 13 Formatting Part "Conclusion"; 1 11-13 14 Formatting Section "References". 1 13-14 14-15 Compilation of then diploma paper text file 12-15 15 1 according to the standard, printing 3-15 10-15 Presentation and report preparing for diploma 16 2 15-16 paper defense Documents for diploma paper submission to the 15-17 17 1 repository, review and other documents preparing 16-17 18 Diploma defense 1 17-18 Network scheduling is a dynamic process model that reflects the dependencies and order of execution of work, coordinating their timely completion with narrow (critical) location allocations, taking into account resource and engineering costs. The main elements of network scheduling are works (phases) and events. Any process or other action that lasts for a period of time and leads to the achievement of a certain result, an event is called a robot in network scheduling. Work schedules are marked with arrows, events are marked with circles, and the event number is in the center of the circle. Above the arrows is the duration of the event. One of the most important aspects of any project control phase is finding the critical path (Tcr) of the network model. 68 The critical path is the longest chain from the initial phase to the final phase (formula 3.1): Tipcr  = t max[(І÷F)], (3.1) Where I, F - initial and final work in the model According to Table 3.1, we construct the network schedule of completion of graduation qualification work, and calculate its main parameters: early completion of work deadline, late completion of work deadline, time reserve. The data are shown in the table. 3.2. The network diagram shows events, project works, the order in which they are executed, and the connections between them. The network schedule for this diploma paper is shown in Figure 3.1. Figure 3.1 - Network schedule A positive factor of the network model is that with its help it is easy to determine the order of work and thus the deadlines for the entire development - the critical path. Knowledge of critical paths enables you to focus the attention of management and executors on the most important works, anticipate deadlines and achieve a reduction 69 in cycle duration. In addition, the network model allows you to identify time reserves for works that are not on the critical path and benefit from this by reallocating existing human, material and financial resources in the most reasonable way to realize time gains at minimal cost. This model makes it possible to optimize engineering time as a whole. As can be seen from Table 3.2, the time reserve is only for events 10, 12, and 3. The working time reserve (R) is the period of time during which this work can be delayed without violating the overall completion clause. The working time reserve is divided into a full time reserve and a free time reserve. In their calculation, advanced are the firm (tel) and late (t) deadlines for each work, which in turn have a start (tl.be.b, t) and an end (te.e, tl.e): Te.b.i = ∑ ie .e.e,Ib.iT, iT = T + T , Tl.e.i =  крT l.b.nipl.e.nty, nT = T -t; Tl.e.(i-1) = l.b.i Tl.b.(i-1) , Tl.e.(i-1) = T - T Full reserve (Rf) is defined as the difference between late start and early start (formula 3.2): Rf l.b.i=e.b.i. t  -t, (3.2) We calculate the free reserve (Rfree) according to formula 3.3: Rfree e.b.(i+1)=e.b.i it - t - t, (3.3) The calculation results are shown in Table 4.2. Table 3.2 - Calculation of time reserved for events Work Early Late duration t Full Freeij,beginning Early end ofbeginning Late end of days reserve, reserve,of work,work, te.e,i of workwork, tl.e,i Rf Rfree te.b.i tl.b.i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 2 1 2 0 0 Event’s number 70 3 1 2 3 32 33 30 30 4 4 2 8 2 8 0 0 5 4 5 8 5 8 0 0 6 2 8 10 8 10 0 0 7 4 10 16 10 16 0 0 8 3 16 20 16 20 0 0 9 8 20 26 20 26 0 0 10 1 2 5 30 33 28 28 11 4 26 30 26 30 0 0 12 2 2 4 31 33 29 29 13 1 30 31 30 31 0 0 14 1 31 32 31 32 0 0 15 1 32 33 32 33 0 0 16 2 33 35 33 35 0 0 17 1 35 36 35 36 0 0 18 1 36 37 36 37 0 0 Conclusion. Critical path for diploma thesis completion Tcr=38 days, consisting of paths for events 1-2-3-5-6-7-8-9-11-13-14-15-16-17-18. In order to optimize the progress of the work, it is necessary to shorten the execution period of the work. That is, lie on the critical path. The time reserve is for events 10, 12, 3 only, as these works can be done while writing the main body of the diploma. 71 14. CONCLUSION Through a comprehensive analysis of the impact of air conditioning on China's environment, this paper reveals the complex relationship between air conditioning use and environmental protection. In order to reduce the impact of air conditioning on the environment, this paper puts forward corresponding policy suggestions, hoping to provide reference for the government and enterprises to formulate relevant policies. 72 REFERENCES 1. Chen Wei, Zhang Hua, Li Ming. Study on the effect of air conditioning on urban heat island effect [J]. Urban Environment and Urban Ecology, 2019,32 (4) : 1- 5.] 2. Liu Yang, Wang Lili, Zhao Lei. Analysis of current situation and development trend of air-conditioning energy consumption in China [J]. Energy Technology and Management, 2020,40 (6) : 1-6. 3. Zhang Xiaohui, Li Xiaofeng, Wang Ruixue. 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